Chapter 1160 Tracing the Origin

People who are in a high position can often see problems more clearly. This is not only because people who can stand in this position are all wise and intelligent, but also because once they reach this position, there are few simple interests that can tie them down.

Under this situation, coupled with the possession of very considerable intelligence resources and channels, it is actually easier to look at problems objectively. It is precisely because one's own interests are actually the interests of all citizens that one can straighten out various relationships and make selective judgments.

On the issue of how to treat state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, and on the issue of who is more important and who is less important, there is actually no need to say more.

As early as the mid-1980s, due to the dual-track price system. There was a lot of reselling. One type is the crazy reselling activities of government-run "private" companies, but the profits obtained from reselling are still government-owned in nature. There are two basic ways to privately own them, one is in the name of contracting, and the other is corruption.

The other type is private investment in pseudo-collective and state-owned companies with collective hats.

At that time, the newly emerging township enterprises were forced to be excluded from the raw material plan. They were not only the final recipients of the raw material resale activities, but also sometimes resold themselves. At the same time, countless coffin buyers emerged in society, and there was a saying that there were one billion resellers for one billion people.

In this process, bribery and introduction of bribery flourished, which is commonly known as the kickback trend.

In this way, a group of resale-type private capital, corruption accumulation, bribe accumulation, and introduction of bribe accumulation appeared in China. In the anti-corruption investigations conducted in the late 1980s, there were a large number of

cases.

However, these private capitals are not private capital in essence. The source of their accumulation is official capital, which relies on the conversion of state and collective capital to private capital. Therefore, their crimes are not so much the crimes of private capital as the crimes of official capital, and the crimes of rights and their rights relations.

After entering the 1990s, a group of private capitals of more than 100,000 or 1 million yuan accumulated through financial activities or financial operations appeared. One type is people who buy stock subscription certificates and stock wealth. They are not guilty, and if they are guilty, it is the naivety of the Chinese stock market itself. In addition, there is another type of person who is not only guilty, but also has a serious crime. They take advantage of the irregularities of banks and the bribery of bank officials to obtain huge bank loans in the name of collective enterprises, and then transfer the funds to individuals or their own private enterprises, and let the collective enterprises continue to bear the bank debts.

The essence of this situation is corruption, which is closely related to the official rights of the corrupt. Therefore, the crime is still a duty crime, a crime of official business, not a crime of civil business.

After the Southern Tour of Emperor Di in 1992, private capital in China emerged rapidly.

For example, Fan Wubing also returned to China from the United States to develop at this time. This is also a new era for the domestic economic take-off. It is of great significance to the entire reform and opening up.

There are many reasons for the rapid growth of private capital at this time.

In terms of crime, there are mainly the following situations. Bribery, joint bribery, and introduction of bribery.

For example, the person who was known as the first private entrepreneur in a certain city at that time, his assets in the mid-1990s were said to be 20 to 30 million yuan. His original position was a cadre in charge of crude oil supply. He said that he had accepted too many bribes and was afraid of being shot after being exposed, so he resigned and started a factory.

There is also a person who organizes private equity funds to operate stocks. He has two villas in Beijing alone, and four or five villas and high-end residences in Shanghai. He claims that he doesn't know how to spend his money. He used to be in charge of import and export approvals in a certain ministry of the State Council. He accumulated a lot of money in his position, and then he stopped when he saw the good and started to do stocks. He chose to do private equity funds because he had people inside, and he guaranteed profits by giving them shares.

There are also people who embezzle and misappropriate public funds to operate and accumulate capital, use the resources owned by official positions to support relatives or reliable people to operate, and get out when the time is right to clarify their own shares.

Then there are smuggling, counterfeiting and selling counterfeit goods, and financial fraud.

Among these, at least the first few are direct duty crimes, not crimes of private capital. If it is not private capital, there is no such thing as private capital crimes. As for the latter few. Even if they are not duty crimes. To expand, they are generally inextricably linked to the duty crimes of others.

There is another more complicated situation, that is, the buyout of state-owned enterprises.

Some people deliberately use privatization policies to turn high amounts of public capital into low amounts of private capital. There are many tricks in it, and judging from experience, it is not wrong to be guilty. However, because the government is accustomed to a one-size-fits-all approach, more often it is "giving" public assets to enterprise leaders, "forcing" them to become private owners.

In some enterprise buyout campaigns of that year. When the Party Committee and the government proposed to buy out town and village enterprises, of course, the buyouts were the factory directors and managers of these enterprises. Except for a few factory directors and managers who expressed their willingness to become private bosses, most of them were not active. The reason was not the operation, but the funds. They could not afford it. Some people said, "We have always been honest and have been paid according to the rules. How much money can be paid? The town leaders can calculate it. Now they suddenly have to pay a large sum of money to buy out. Do you think we were all corrupt elements in the past and had a lot of money hidden at home? If we had known this earlier, we would have embezzled in the past."

As a result, in order to complete the buyout task, the public assets had to be greatly discounted, and flexible measures could only be taken in the way of collecting the buyout money, resulting in a half-sale and half-give situation.

Combining various situations, domestic private capital, after the embryonic period, gradually changed from innocent to guilty, from minor crimes to serious crimes, and from minor crimes to major crimes, among the people who continued to join this team from the 1980s to the 1990s. However, since it is not in the embryonic period, it cannot be said to be original sin.

Domestic private capital is an overall concept, a class or stratum, and must be examined from its overall evolution. It does not conform to basic logic to trace the original sin of the later people who are guilty.

These guilty people seem to come from bureaucrats, officials and businessmen and their allies, not real private enterprises. The folk nature of private capital determines that only real private enterprises can represent the essence of private capital. Therefore, in essence, these guilty private capital cannot represent the entire private capital. It is not the original sin of private enterprises.

After those guilty people turned into private capital. Basically, they belong to the type of bureaucrats who resigned or their relatives who used the power of the government to engage in production and trade, and those who were not bureaucrats and their relatives but formed an alliance with bureaucrats and their institutions and used the power of the government to engage in production and trade. Although the amount of capital is very huge, it does not mean that they account for the vast majority of private capital in terms of number.

In fact, the private capital population in China is more of small vendors, small processing owners, and small business owners. Therefore. A small number of people are guilty, and the whole population is guilty.

These crimes were not mainly committed when they became private capital, but mainly when they were bureaucrats.

From this perspective, their crimes are not the crimes of private capital, but the crimes of bureaucratic capital. As private capital, they should be innocent. If they are called original sins because their predecessors were bureaucrats and they accumulated capital through crimes when they were bureaucrats and transferred to the ranks of private capital, it is as absurd as saying that after the puppet army surrendered, revolted, and was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army, it is said that the Eighth Route Army had the original sin of traitors.

It cannot be denied that some individuals of private capital are guilty, such as those who accumulate capital by making and selling counterfeit goods, but the guilt of an individual cannot be equal to the guilt of private capital as a whole, just as the crime of a worker does not mean the guilt of the working class, and the crime of a peasant does not mean the guilt of the peasant class.

Another argument that alleges that private capital has original sin is to indiscriminately judge that they have always engaged in serious tax evasion, which is obviously a crude and irrational accusation. The basic goal of all capital with an autonomous status is always profit, and the profit with practical significance is always the profit after tax, so they will inevitably try to reduce their tax expenditure.

It is for this reason that tax type design and tax rate adjustment have become one of the basic economic power levers of a country.

When the national tax types and tax rates are definitely not exemptable, there are two basic ways to reduce taxes: one is reasonable tax avoidance, and the other is tax evasion. Reasonable tax avoidance involves complex business skills and accounting techniques, which are both reasonable and legal, and there is no question of whether it is a crime. Tax evasion is illegal, but it only constitutes a crime when the amount of tax evasion reaches a certain amount.

Reasonable tax avoidance is a common phenomenon. It can be considered that any operator who does not understand or try to reasonably avoid taxes is not a qualified or eligible operator. Compared with reasonable tax avoidance, tax evasion is always a minority phenomenon.

The problem is that the government, based on fiscal interests, does not encourage and support reasonable tax avoidance, and lacks research on reasonable tax avoidance. In the face of the fact of universal reasonable tax avoidance, it is always denounced as tax evasion in concept, and sometimes even punishes reasonable tax avoidance according to tax evasion, creating the illusion of widespread tax evasion in the country and forming a strong empirical public opinion, and the spearhead of public opinion is unreasonably directed to private capital.

The fact is that due to the increasing bloat of government agencies, the middle-classization and aristocratization of civil servants, and the long-term enthusiasm for various image projects, the fiscal deficit trap has been increasingly trapped. Therefore, the government's collection of taxes is also increasingly strengthened.

The growth of tax revenue exceeds the growth of the national economy, reflecting the government's tax oppression on enterprises.

The long-term discriminated position of private enterprises determines that they are inevitably the weakest in the business community when facing high taxes. The same amount of tax evasion is generally not subject to criminal prosecution in state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, and foreign enterprises, but in private enterprises, criminal prosecution will naturally follow.

Although the absolute number of private enterprises that are criminally prosecuted for tax evasion is not large, because state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, and foreign enterprises are rarely prosecuted for tax evasion, it further creates a social illusion that it is all private enterprises that evade taxes.

It can be seen that the judgment that China's private capital has always had serious tax evasion is based on a social public opinion based on a false fact, which is a misleading public opinion.

The debate among senior government officials on Hebei's No. 1 document lasted for several days. Everyone argued until they were thirsty and finally reached a consensus. It is believed that the launch of this document is inappropriate.

In fact, the release of this document is somewhat in conflict with the macroeconomic regulation currently being carried out by the top leaders. The central government is regulating large-scale investments, while this document from Hebei, on the surface, seems to be a pity for private enterprises, but in fact it is to loosen up some large bureaucratic capital in order to obtain return on investment.

According to statistics, the added value of the private economy in Hebei accounted for 3% of the GDP last year, which was 1 percentage point lower than that of Zhejiang. 1 percentage point lower than that of Jiangsu; the number of private enterprises in Zhejiang is 23 times that of Hebei, and Jiangsu is 32 times that of Hebei.

Therefore, if Hebei's economy is to have a big development, it must make a big breakthrough in developing the private economy. The provincial leaders are very clear about this.

In their words, in addition to providing some support in terms of funds and projects, the development of the private economy is more about giving the private economy equal legal status and a fair competition environment. For the political and legal organs, cracking down on illegal crimes does not distinguish between domestic and foreign capital; protecting legitimate rights and interests regardless of their composition, and never engaging in policy discrimination and differential treatment. The legitimate rights and interests of the private economy must be protected with confidence; things that infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of the private economy must be resolutely corrected. Of course, if private enterprises have illegal and criminal acts, they must also be dealt with according to law.

In fact, the situation is a little different. In Hebei, smuggling and counterfeiting were also very rampant back then, and the evil forces in some places were quite serious. However, after years of development, these people have basically been cleaned up, and some people have even come ashore and become members of the CPPCC or even deputies to the National People's Congress.

However, one important point is that everyone's soles are covered with mud and water. It seems that it is not visible when standing still, but as soon as you lift your feet when moving, it will be exposed immediately.

For this reason, the pardon order for original sin has become a key to the exchange of interests.

After the top leaders intervened in this matter, they immediately found out the reasons for the issuance of this document, and also found several people who prompted the issuance of this document. Needless to say, as long as they carefully check the key figures, they will immediately turn up a bunch of old accounts. Several people are whitewashed by the underworld. Therefore, some old cases and even murders in the past are like a dragon in the throat.

This time, they originally took the opportunity to concoct the No. 1 document to completely solve their own problems. But they did not expect that this matter would become a little bigger. The media hype and debate also made them occupy the cusp of the storm, so the result was unexpected.

On the premise of expressing dissatisfaction with Hebei, the top leaders immediately sent an investigation team to investigate this matter. The result was reported by the masses and official evidence was collected. The crimes of some people were confirmed, and finally more than 20 people were arrested, most of whom were responsible for murder.