Chapter 2101

After several negotiations, BP still compromised. In April 1933, Cadman voluntarily revised the original lease contract, mainly to convert the 16% net profit commission to the Persian authorities in the original contract to be based on the mining volume per ton Pay a flat fee.

This change shows a kind of sincerity, and it is actually an amendment to the telegram sent in the previous year. After all, BP’s net profit cannot be controlled by Persia. If BP has no profit every year, wouldn’t it be possible to exploit Persia’s oil for free forever?

Cadman came to Persia personally with this new draft contract, and was quickly received by the king, who was very enthusiastic and told him, "We just want to start over."

However, the following negotiations based on the new draft agreement fell into a stalemate due to too many differences. The 10-month long game will depend on who will be the "general" first.

Cadman prepared the last move—to force the palace. He urgently requested to see the king to say goodbye in person, saying that the negotiation broke down and he had to go back. The king immediately persuaded him to stay, saying that he was unwilling to let the distinguished guest leave so early.

Sure enough, the two sides quickly reached a new lease agreement. In addition to the fixed fee per ton, the new agreement also increased the dividend sharing ratio and the minimum payment: no less than 750,000 pounds per year.

Cadman's forced palace was not for lore, but for a draw as soon as possible. In fact, the same is true for King Praise Khan Pahlavi.

After the shadow of the Great Depression gradually passed, BP's mining volume in Persia skyrocketed, and the Persian ZF also gained a large amount of income, reaching a historic 3.5 million pounds in 1937.

The relationship between the king and BP has become more and more harmonious. King Pahlavi attaches great importance to the modernization of the country. In 1935, he decided to change the name of the country from Persia to Iraq. The Anglo-Persian (S) Petroleum Company was renamed the Anglo-Iranian (lang) Petroleum Company.

In addition to occupying the oil base in Persia, the Anglo-Persian Petroleum Company also extended its tentacles to almost all Gulf countries.

First is next-door neighbor Iraq, which dates back to 1901, when Mariott, on behalf of Darcy, successfully signed a historic contract in Tehran, passing through Constantinople on his way back to fight for lease-lease mining in Mesopotamia. rights, but without success.

Later, the German, British and Dutch companies formed the Turkish Petroleum Company. Due to the first-mover advantage of the British-Polish company in the Middle East, it owns 50% of the equity of the joint venture company.

Following the end of World War I, the Supreme Council of the Allied Powers decided in 1920 that Britain should be the Mandate Power for Iraq and Palestine.

Britain and France signed the San Remo Agreement,

The agreement provided for the oil monopoly of Britain and France in Mesopotamia, and France replaced the defeated Germany.

Dissatisfied with the interest monopoly of Britain and France in the Middle East, a consortium of seven American oil companies invited Gulbenkian, a famous American entrepreneur and philanthropist, to mediate with the Anglo-Polish company.

At the same time, the U.S. government also put pressure on the British government. Churchill, then Secretary of the Colonial Department, wrote to Foreign Secretary Curzon, "As long as the Americans are excluded from Iraq's oil development, we will never have peace in the Middle East."

Curzon then announced that Britain was ready to abandon the San Remo Agreement, and the United States reciprocated: the Naval Council was working on an agreement aimed at ending the Anglo-American naval standoff and taking a more lenient stance on British oil expansion in Latin America.

Subsequently, the American Petroleum Consortium and the Anglo-Polish Company conducted six-year-long negotiations on the United States' participation in the Turkish Petroleum Company, and finally signed the famous "Red Line Agreement" in 1928, replacing the "San Ray" eight years ago. The Morocco Agreement has become the new sword of Damos hanging over the Middle East.

According to this agreement, the Anglo-Polish Company, Shell Company, and the so-called seven oil company consortiums in France and the United States, which are actually only Standard Oil, each account for 23.75% of the shares of Turkish Petroleum Company, and the remaining 5% is owned by Goulburn. Ji An got it, and Gu Shi got a good name from then on: Mr. Five Percent!

In the "Red Line Agreement", the joint exploration scope of the five companies of the four countries is delineated, that is, the oil territory encircled by the red line: east of Egypt, west of Persia, all Gulf oil countries except Kuwait!

American interests were secured by the Red Line Agreement, while the Anglo-Polish companies seized on a 1914 Turkish Petroleum "self-renunciation" clause to clamp down on the behavior of American companies, which stipulated that all oil sources in the Arab region (except Egypt and Kuwait, in addition, Persia is not an Arab country, but an Islamic country) must be collectively developed by the Turkish Petroleum Corporation.

In 1946, the international situation changed and the United States became the largest power. Therefore, with the support of the US government, Standard Oil unilaterally declared the "Red Line Agreement" invalid, and Turkish Petroleum Corporation disintegrated.

During the 18 years since the "Red Line Agreement" came into effect, the Anglo-Polish company's Middle East oil supremacy was gradually weakened by the United States, and it successively lost Iraq and Kuwait, two major oil producers.

In the end, the British left only Iran with rich reserves, and the Americans had long coveted the British treasure land. After World War II, the British-Iranian status in Iran was seriously challenged by the United States and the Iranian ZF.

To be honest, the "end" of the UK is completely self-inflicted.

Because in 1941 during World War II, the British and Soviet coalition forces invaded Iran, overthrew the King of Salzan Khan Pahlavi, who was known as colluding with Germany, and supported his son Mohammad to succeed him.

During the war, the country was completely controlled. After the war, the United States strengthened its penetration of Iran and tried to share Iran’s oil resources with the United Kingdom. The four-point aid plan proposed by Truman was mainly aimed at Iran. It is no longer possible to influence Iran alone, and it has lost its original allies. It is simply shooting itself in the foot.

Just two years later, Venezuela, South America's largest oil exporter, signed a 50-50 agreement with Standard Oil.

This event is a milestone, which has greatly stimulated the oil-exporting countries in the Middle East, and also made the major Western oil companies that exploit oil in these countries a little more wary.

Iraqi Lang proposed a 50-50 split, which was rejected by the British-Iranian company. The British-Iranian company took the initiative to offer a supplementary agreement, that is, to increase the lease fee of 4 shillings per ton stipulated in the 1933 agreement to 6 shillings. shilling.

For example, according to the standard of the 1933 agreement, Iran should have received 13 million pounds in 1949, which was increased to 22 million pounds in the new agreement, and a one-time payment of 5 million pounds was also made.

In fact, the British-Iranian company has a lot of difficulties. Since World War II, the company has paid the high taxes drawn by the British government, which is almost twice the amount paid to Iran.

In 1950, King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia established a joint venture with Standard Oil, Texaco and other companies to establish Aramco, and signed a 50-50 split agreement. This is the first case in the Middle East to emulate Venezuela.

Afterwards, the situation of Britain in Iran deteriorated further and further because a group of patriots emerged in Iran, the representative of which was the leader of the Iranian National Front, Mosaddegh. His main idea was the nationalization of oil. Seize Iran's oil resources and interfere with Iran's sovereignty.

The highly popular Mosaddegh became prime minister and soon signed the bill to nationalize Iran's oil. Since then, the situation has become extremely complicated.

British Foreign Minister Morrison expressed the government's attitude: it will never recognize Iran's unilateral decision.

Secretary of the Interior Callaghan directly stated that the Navy is ready to send ships to Cyprus and the Gulf, and will occupy Abadan by force if necessary.

The Minister of Defense said that if Iran is allowed to get away with it this time without being punished, Egypt and other Middle Eastern countries will also be encouraged. Maybe the next time the Suez Canal will be nationalized, this is absolutely not allowed by the UK.

But the United States, the shit-stirring stick, firmly opposes the use of force by the United Kingdom. They worry that the war may cause Iran to fall into the hands of the Soviet Union.

The United Kingdom was forced to obey the opinions of the United States, and still expressed its position to Iran through diplomatic channels. If Iran could not mediate on the basis of the 1933 agreement, it would sue the Hague International Court.

And Mossadegh's reply was very simple: this is something within the scope of Iran's sovereignty, and the British have no right to interfere!

Although many parties participated in the mediation, the situation still did not ease. In June, Iraq began to confiscate the assets of the Anglo-Iranian company. Armed soldiers surrounded the office building of the Anglo-Iranian company, where a grand nationalization ceremony was held.

The general manager of the British-Iranian company in Iran insisted on protesting, but when he learned that his behavior could be punished by death according to a newly promulgated law, he fled to Iraq without even having time to pack his luggage.

At the end of September, the Iranian army occupied the Abadan oil refinery. At the beginning of October, all the employees of the British-Iranian company in Iraq boarded the British Royal Navy cruiser that came to pick them up, and the British-Iranian company completely evacuated.

No other western oil company is willing to fill the vacancy left by the Anglo-Iranian company. The Anglo-Iranian company also warns any organization or individual not to buy the assets left by the Anglo-Iranian company. The Anglo-Iranian company believes that if Iran cannot export oil, There will be problems with its finances, and it will naturally be recovered.

At the end of October 1951, Mossadegh visited the United States, defending Iran's actions at the United Nations, and at the same time met with U.S. officials at all levels, including the President.

Mossadegh won widespread respect. Truman even wrote to Prime Minister Churchill, who had just returned to power, urging him to recognize Iran's oil nationalization. Of course, Churchill dismissed it and refused to do so.

What Mossadegh deserves to be respected is that he only has the sovereignty of Iran in his heart, and he does not surrender to the great powers. The Americans gradually understand that they cannot gain benefits in Iraq through him.

But the Iranians were unlucky. President Truman, who supported the nationalization of Iran, quickly stepped down. Eisenhower became the President of the United States in 1953. Before the Iraqi economy collapsed due to lack of oil revenue, Churchill proposed military affairs to Eisenhower. The request for intervention, the Americans finally did it!

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