Section 267
However, the structure of the twisted carbon can completely transfer the force received at one point to the entire structure.
Of course, even if you squeeze an egg, if the force exceeds its limit, the eggshell will eventually break.
However, there is no need to worry about the twisted carbon.
Anyway, the neutron energy generated by the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction can be calculated, and then it can be calculated how long it will take for the energy to be completely absorbed by the twisted carbon, and how large the volume of the twisted carbon can stably absorb the energy of these high-energy neutrons. In this way, they can create modular twisted carbon walls to stably and long-term resist high-energy neutrons.
In this case, the only situation that can destroy the twisted carbon structure is that a single carbon atom is continuously hit by multiple high-energy neutrons in a short period of time, which will cause it to be unable to quickly transfer the absorbed kinetic energy, resulting in the destruction of the neutrons.
However, this probability is quite small. After all, we should know that an atom is not a ball, and its interior is quite empty. Therefore, in most cases, neutrons will directly pass through the surface layer of the material and hit the nucleus inside. There is even a certain probability that neutrons will directly pass through the entire first wall material.
Because of this, a layer of neutron shielding material will be installed on the outer layer of the tokamak device to absorb these neutrons that can pass through heavy materials and leak out, so as to avoid radiation hazards to the staff.
Radiation can easily cause cancer in people because subatomic particles such as neutrons directly pass through human cells and directly destroy the atoms inside the cell DNA, causing DNA to mutate directly. If the cells cannot be repaired by the DNA damage mechanism in time, they will continue to divide and proliferate, so the risk of cancer will increase.
Of course, it is precisely because the volume of neutrons is very small, and the volume of nuclei is also very small. Therefore, when neutrons enter the first wall material, it is difficult for multiple high-energy neutrons to hit the nucleus of a single atom at the same time.
Therefore, according to Xiao Yi's calculation, only 10 cm thick twisted carbon is needed to last at least 20 years in a tokamak device like EAST.
Of course, this is mainly limited by the volume of EAST. The larger the device, the more high-energy neutrons can be generated per unit time under the fixed 150 million degrees and the new Greenwald limit. The life of the first wall material is mainly determined by the high-energy neutron generation rate.
As for the current volume of EAST...it is actually relatively small. After all, this thing is just an experimental device for technical verification.
Its main radius is only 1.7 meters, and the small radius is only 0.4 meters.
And the scale of the planned ITER is 6.2 meters in main radius and 2 meters in small radius. Its plasma volume is about 280 times that of EAST.
Including ITER, it can only be said to be an experimental device for technical verification. So if controlled nuclear fusion is truly achieved, the device to be built at that time will not be a small one like this.
In short, whether in terms of thermal conductivity or resistance to radiation damage, twisted carbon has reached the limit of what Xiao Yi can design now.
In addition to these two major properties, twisted carbon is also quite outstanding in other properties required by first-wall materials.
It can be said that for a long time to come, no matter how much design is done, it is impossible to break through such a structure.
If you want to break through again, I am afraid you must have a new theory.
However, even Xiao Yi can't think of this theory now.
"Okay, now the first step is completed."
After a long breath, Xiao Yi leaned on the back of his office chair and took a sip of the tea next to him.
The next step is how to synthesize this material.
And this will be an extremely difficult step.
Putting down the teacup in his hand, Xiao Yi shook his head helplessly. What method can be used to synthesize such a complex structure?
This is also the main difficulty in material research.
Even if he has the help of material mastery, he can't avoid the following difficulties.
The greatest use of material mastery is probably cost saving.
"Okay, we have come this far. It would be bad if we give up now."
Shaking his head, he said no more and prepared to go to the laboratory to conduct experiments.
...
Next, it is destined to be a long process.
Xiao Yi put all his time and energy into the research of the synthesis method of twisted carbon.
At the same time, because of the importance of this material, he did not ask anyone to help him. At most, he asked people to help do some simple experiments when he was busy.
Through continuous improvement of some existing processes or some innovative synthesis technologies, although it is still far from the final goal of twisted carbon, Xiao Yi unexpectedly produced a lot of by-products.
Although most of the by-products are useless, there are still a few materials that Xiao Yi was quite surprised.
It's like the feeling of being crooked when drawing a lottery.
Although it is not what he wants, it can also be called SSR.
For example, an amorphous carbon material.
Amorphous carbon is a kind of free activated carbon, which has no crystal structure. Its structure is similar to carbon black, but it is different in some microscopic details.
However, the most important thing is that it inherits an important characteristic of carbon black, the ability to absorb waves!
This material has good conductivity, so when electromagnetic waves are irradiated on its surface, the conductive network formed between the coatings will generate an induced current. The current generates heat due to resistance during the conduction process, thereby dissipating the electromagnetic energy and absorbing electromagnetic waves.
In addition, its particles are small and its specific surface area is large. There are a large number of interfaces between the composite material and the matrix. Due to the relaxation effect caused by interface polarization, it also has excellent absorption capacity for electromagnetic waves.
In addition, it also has many excellent properties, which make it a very good absorbing material.
Of course, it is impossible to completely crush other absorbing materials. After all, there are different categories of electromagnetic waves, such as absorption intensity and bandwidth, etc. Different materials also have their own competence for these different categories.
However, this new absorbing material is not a coating itself, but it can be used as a conductive additive and combined with other absorbing coatings to improve the overall absorbing performance. Therefore, to some extent, it can also be regarded as the best absorbing material in comprehensive comparison.
This material is of no use to Xiao Yi's research, but it is a treasure for those who study fighter jets.
So Xiao Yi simply got the experimental report out and asked Wang Li to find the senior military officials to hand over the experimental report to the military researchers responsible for studying absorbing materials.
As for what this material is called... Since it is the first material with practical use that Xiao Yi has developed in the process of studying twisted carbon, he simply named it MHT-1.
In addition to MHT-1, there is naturally MHT-2.
MHT-2 is a carbon fiber material with high specific strength and high specific modulus, and it has the performance of twisted carbon to a certain extent, and its energy absorption capacity is very strong.
This makes it very suitable as an armor material for tanks. It has excellent resistance to attacks from various conventional weapons, such as armor-piercing shells, armor-piercing shells, high-explosive shells, etc.
When Xiao Yi came up with this thing, everyone was speechless.
Although it is known that some by-products will be produced during the research process, the first two usable by-products can be used in the military?
Okay, Xiao Yi couldn't say anything about this. In the end, he asked Wang Li to hand over the experimental report to the military again and ask the relevant researchers if they were interested in this thing.
However, when MHT-3 came out, Xiao Yi finally sighed that there was finally a non-military technology.
MHT-3 is a material synthesized by Xiao Yi through various methods. It is the material that is most similar to twisted carbon in structure. It has a three-layer structure, but it is not as complex as twisted carbon. However, such a structure gives it an ultra-high carrier mobility.
Its electron mobility can reach 180,000 cm/V·s, which is only slightly worse than graphene, and is very conducive to the transmission and processing of electrical signals.
In addition, its surface has various dangling bonds and functional groups, which makes its chemical properties good.
Coupled with various other excellent properties, this material has the potential to become a carbon-based material.
At present, the development of silicon-based chips has stagnated, and the process is gradually approaching the theoretical limit. Finding other ways out has become another focus in the chip field.
And MHT-3 undoubtedly makes the realization of carbon-based chips a hope.
However, Xiao Yi has not done much research on chips, so he has no interest in studying this thing for the time being. Even if he really makes something, it is still too far away from the real industrialization of carbon-based chips, so he will wait until later to ask other experts in this field if they are interested before making plans.
In short, so far, Xiao Yi has produced these three valuable by-products. The first two can be used directly, and the third has a very broad prospect value.
Just like that, as time passed, when it was June, several uninvited guests came to the Science Island Laboratory.
"Hello, Professor Xiao, I have heard of you for a long time."
A group of people stood in the office, and the old researcher who led them walked up and shook hands with Xiao Yi and said.
"We are from the 603 Institute. I am Chen Weidong, currently the leader of the weapons and stealth design group of the institute."
"We received an experimental report you sent. The report said that you developed an absorbing material with a frequency range of 1-20GHz, a maximum reflection loss of -55dB, and an absorbing bandwidth of 11.6GHz, right?"
The old researcher was straightforward and directly stated his purpose.
He looked at Xiao Yi with a sharp gaze, and seemed to be looking forward to Xiao Yi's answer.
Xiao Yi raised his eyebrows, and he really came for MHT-1.
However, just as he was about to speak, the door of the office was knocked again.
Wang Hao walked in: "Professor Xiao, people from the Army Research Institute are here too."
Then he saw a few people in military uniforms standing behind Wang Hao, looking inside.
Xiao Yi: "Uh...then come in together."
Obviously, these newcomers are here for MHT-2.
He couldn't help but sigh that these two groups of people were really quick. The two experimental reports were sent not long ago, and they came to the door so quickly.
Chapter 231 Huh?
When this group of people came in, there were 7 people in Xiao Yi's office. In addition to Xiao Yi himself, there were three people from these two groups.
The three people from the Army Research Institute obviously looked like civilians. Although they were wearing military uniforms, they all looked like researchers in temperament.
However, what surprised Xiao Yi a little was that these two groups actually knew each other.
As soon as the people from the Army Research Institute came in, the leader stared at Chen Weidong from the 603 Institute with wide eyes and said, "Chen Weidong? Why are you here too?"
Chen Weidong was stunned, turned his head and looked over, and was also surprised: "Good guy, Liu Zhen? Shouldn't I be the one asking you this? Why are you here too?"
"Let's talk about it later." At this time, the person from the Army Research Institute waved his hand first, and then walked towards Xiao Yi: "Hello, Director Xiao, I am Liu Zhen from the Equipment Research Department of the Army Research Institute."
Then the two people next to him also introduced themselves, both of whom were Liu Zhen's assistants.
As for Liu Zhen's level, it is not simple either. He is a professional and technical level three. According to unofficial statements, this level is equivalent to the first level of colonel and major general. The next level is professional and technical level two, which is officially equivalent to the level of major general.
As for professional and technical level one, the corresponding level is lieutenant general, such as Academician Ma who studied the electromagnetic catapult technology of aircraft carriers, who is a professional and technical level one. Of course, Academician Ma himself also has a rank of naval professional and technical major general, which is a pure officer rank.
Therefore, the Liu Zhen in front of us can also be called a general.